Physiology

Message From the HEAD of the Department
Welcome to the Department of Physiology

The Physiology department is an intellectually vibrant place.
This Departmental page is designed to introduce visitors and students to our Department, its research, teaching, and administrative activities. It also serves as a major mechanism of communication between the Department and our students and administrative staff.
Physiology is the study of how the body works in health and disease at all levels including molecular, genomic, proteomic, ionic, cellular, organ and whole organism. The essence of research and teaching in Physiology requires an enquiring mind anchored on a global and integrative perspective to the understanding of how things work in a living organism.

Department was established in 2011 in New building in GMERS Medical College campus with annual intake capacity of 150 students. Department is located on First floor and has infrastructure adequate to cater the need of 150 admissions per year.

The Department of Physiology at GMERS Medical College, Gandhinagar is committed to excellence in teaching, research and service. Members of the faculty are actively involved in educational programs in the college. Members of the Department of Physiology, conduct research in the areas of cardiovascular, Pulmonary, Neurophysiology, and endocrine physiology. Members of the faculty of the Department of Physiology are involved in collaborative research with clinicians from the Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Pediatrics in the College.

We are committed to help equip and infuse in our students a life-long love for learning, the excitement of discovery and a keen sense of curiosity about the chemical, physical and biological functions of life.

I welcome you to the Department and do not hesitate to see me over any issues. We operate an open door policy. Also all academic staff members have office hours during which they are available for consultation and discussion outside the formal teaching sessions.

I wish you a rewarding and stimulating learning experience at the Department of Medical Physiology and The GMERS Medical College, Gandhinagar.

Head of the Department

2011 Onwards : Dr. S. M Joshi

GOAL :the broad goal of the teaching of undergraduate students in physiology aims at providing the student comprehensive knowledge of normal functions of body and to facilitate the understanding of physiological basis of health and disease.

OBJECTIVES :

A) Knowledge:- At the end of the course the student shall be able to

Understand the functions of all organ system and their interactions.
Assess relative contribution of each organ system in maintenance of milieu interior
Describe physiological response and adaptation to environmental stress.
List the physiological principles underlying pathogenesis and treatment of diseases.

B) SKILLS :-At the end of the course the student shall be able to

Conduct experiments/Investigations designed for study of physiological phenomenon
To interpret expt/ Investigations data
Distinguish between normal and abnormal data derived as result of test done in lab.

C) Integration :- At the end of the course the student shall be able to

Acquire an integrated knowledge of organ, structure, function, and its Regulatory mechanism and apply the knowledge in understanding of disease and its treatment.

Total Teaching hours :- 480 Hours (240 Hours/term)

Facilities :-

Infrastructure
The department has enough space to accommodate 150 students.

Lecture hall and two demonstration rooms of required capacity and equipped with audiovisual aids.
Well-equipped hematology, clinical physiology, amphibian physiology, mammalian physiology and research laboratory with adequate seating capacity and preparation rooms.
Offices for teaching and paramedical staff
Departmental library, seminar room, store room
Possess central animal house with breading and experimental facility
Department has dedicated broadband connection with membership to govt. of gujarat virtual library project through which hundreds of journals and books are accessible online
Department has dedicated fulltime faculties (as private practice of any kind is not permissible as per recruitment rules of govt.of gujarat).department has adequate number of teaching faculties as per medical council of india guidelines to maintain teacher:student ratio to 1:10.

Subject Curriculum :

THEORY

General :
1. Cell physiology
2. Homeostasis
3. Transport across cell membrane
4. Biophysics-general principles
5. Body fluid compartment
6. Related topics & applied physiology
  TOTAL : 5-8 lectures

Hematology :
1. Composition properties and functions of blood
2. R.B.C.s their formation & functions
3. Hemoglobin
4. Anemias and blood indices
5. Leukocytes - formation and functions
6. Thrombocytes and hemostasis, Blood Coagulation
7. Plasma proteins & E.S.R.
8. Lymph and R.E. System
9. Blood groups
10. Immunity
11. Blood Volume
12. Related topics & applied physiology
  Total : 20-25 Lectures

Nerve & Muscle Physiology :
1. Membrane potential & action potential
2. Structure & classification of nerve fibers
3. Properties of nerve cells and their fibers (including Degeneration & Regeneration)
4. Neuromuscular transmission
5. Structure, functions and properties of muscles
6. Mechanism of contraction of difference types of muscles
7. Physiological changes during muscle contractions
8. Related topics & applied physiology
  Total : 15-20 Lectures

Gastrointestinal tract :
1. Anatomical physiology
2. Secretion & their control-Salivary, Gastric, Pancreatic, Intestinal
3. Bile including liver function tests & Jaundice
4. Digestion
5. Absorption
6. Movements of Gastrointestinal tract
7. Hormones of GIT
8. Related topics & applied physiology
  Total : 15-20 Lectures

Respiration System :
1. Physiological anatomy of respiratory tract
2. Mechanics of respiration (including pressure & volume changes)
3. Lung volume, capacities and lung function tests
4. Composition of respiratory gases
5. Transport of Oxygen in Blood
6. Transport of Carbon dioxide in Blood
7. Regulations of respiration
8. Hypoxia, Asphyxia
9. Cyanosis and periodic breathing
10. Dysbarism and acclimatization to high altitude
11. Exercise and space Physiology
12. Related topics & applied physiology
  Total : 15-20 Lectures

Cardiovascular System :
1. Functional anatomy of heart
2. Origin and spread of cardiac impulse
3. Cardiac cycle (with heart sounds and pressure changes)
4. Electrocardiogram
5. Heart rate
6. Cardiac output & venous return
7. Arterial blood pressure
8. Arterial and venous pulse
9. Circulation –Capillary, coronary, pulmonary and sytemic circulation
10. Hemorrhage, Hypovolemic shock
11. Cardiovascular change during exercise and cardiac efficiency tests.
12. Related topics & applied physiology
  Total : 20-25 Lectures

Excretory System :
1. Physiological anatomy of Kidney
2. Renal Circulation
3. Glomerular filtration rate
4. Functions of renal tubules
5. Reabsorpotion of physiologically important substances
6. Counter current mechanism
7. Hormogenesis- renin erythropoietin
8. Role of kidney in acid-base balance in body
9. Micturition
10. Renal function tests
11. Functions of skin
12. Regulations of body temperature
13. Related topics & applied physiology
  Total : 10-15 Lectures

Central Nervous System& ANS :
1. Introduction
2. Synapse and synaptic transmission
3. Automatic nervous system (including Adrenal medulla)
4. Sensory system- receptor & their properties, sensations
5. Spinal Cord : Tracts and lesions
6. Reflexes
7. Motor organization
8. Brain stem (including vestibular apparatus)
9. Basal Ganglia
10. Cerebellum
11. Tone, posture and equilibrium
12. Motor control mechanism
13. Thalamus
14. Hypothalamus
15. Limbic cortex
16. Cerebral cortex
17. Higher functions-Speech, Learning and memory
18. Electroencephalogram and sleep
19. Cranial Nerves
20. Pain
21. CSF
22. Related topics & applied physiology
  Total : 35-40 Lectures

Special Senses :
1. Structure of eye
2. Refractory medias of eye heir errors and corrections
3. Retina : Structure, photochemistry
4. Visual pathways and its lesions
5. Visual activity and binocular vision
6. Accommodation and adaptations to darkness
7. Color Vision
8. Visual perceptions : Central mechanism
9. Physiological movements of eye
10. Functional anatomy of ear
11. Structure and functions of middle ear
12. Organs of Corti and mechanism of hearing
13. Endocochlear potentials and auditory pathways
14. Deafness and tests of hearing
15. Taste and smell
  Total : 15-20 Lectures

Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology :
1. Introduction
2. Hypothalamohypophyseal axis
3. Hypothalamohypophyseal axis
4. Anterior pituitary gland (including growth and development)
5. Posterior pituitary gland
6. Thyroid gland
7. Hormonal control of blood calcium level
8. Endocrine pancreas
9. Andrenal gland
10. Hormones of heart, kidney and thymus
11. Introduction to reproductive physiology
12. Male reproductive system : structure, functions
13. Female reproductive system : structure, functions & reproductive cycles
14. Fertilizations, placenta, pregnancy and pregnancy tests
15. Parturition and lactation
16. Physiological basis of family planning
17. Related topics & applied physiology
  Total : 15-20 Lectures

BIOPHYSICS :-

Principles of biophysics and its applied aspects
Biopotentials and its applied aspects
Transport across cell membrane
related applied topics
Total: 3-4 Lectures

ENVIRONMENTAL, REGULATORY & EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY:-

Physiology of high altitude, acclimatization & effect of high atmospheric pressure
Aviation & space physiology
Body temperature regulation, Hypo & Hyperthermia
Physiology of exercise & yoga
Total :3-4 Lectures

PRACTICALS

General Practical:
1. Study of appliances - Experimental instruments
2. Study of appliances - Hematology and clinical instruments
3. Study of appliances - Compound microscope

Hematology Practical:
1. Estimation of haemoglobin
2. Total white cell count
3. Total red cell count
4. Cells in peripheral blood film
5. Differential WBC count
6. Absolute count, Arneth count
7. Packed cell volume & Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
8. Blood indices and related calculation
9. Blood grouping
10. Coagulation - B.T.& C.T.
11. Effect of tonicity of saline, fragility :
12. MCD, price jone’s curve :
13. Haemin crystals, reticulocyte count

Clinical Physiology Practical:
1. Radial pulse, Sphygmography
2. Arterial blood pressure
3. Cardiac efficiency tests
4. Clinical examination in general
5. Clinical examination of Cardiovascular system
6. Clinical examination of Respiratory system
7. Artificial respiration and Cardio pulmonary resuscitation
8. Spirometry
9. Respiratory efficiency tests
10. Stethography
11. Examinations of sensory functions
12. Examinations of motor functions
13. Examinations of reflexes
14. Examinations of cranial nerves – I,III,IV,V,VI
15. Examinations of cranial nerves – II
16. Examinations of cranial nerves – VII,VIII, IX.X.XI,XII
17. CNS higher functions
18. Clinical examinations of abdomen
19. Thermometry
20. Ergography
21. Endocrine disorder photographs
22. O2 and CO2 dissociation curve
23. ECG
24. EEG- EMG
25. Contraceptives, menstrual cycle and BBT
26. GTT- GFT
27. Excretory system –Cystometrogram, Renal function tests

Amphibian practical
1. Gastrocnemius muscle, sciatic nerve preparation
2. Simple muscle curve,
3. Effect of temperature on SMC
4. Effect of load on SMC
5. Effect of two successive stimuli
6. Genesis of tetanus
7. Phenomenon of Fatigue
8. Velocity of nerve impulse
9. Perfusion of amphibian heart
10. Frog’s heart beat & Effect of temperature on frog’s heart
11. Properties of cardiac muscle
12. Effect of vagus, crescent stimulation and vagal escape.
13. Effect of drugs & ions on frog’s heart
14. Perfusion of isolated amphibian heart
15. Perfusion of isolated amphibian heart
16. Quantal summation & Strength duration curve

Mammalian practicals
1. Recording of heart beat and respiration
2. Perfusion of guinea pig ileum
3. Perfusion of guinea pig jejunum
4. Recording of blood pressure and respiration of dog
5. Effect of drugs on blood pressure of dog

TUTORIALS

1. Haemoglobin	1
2. Blood groups	2
3. Neurons and Neuroglia	1
4. Rigor mortis & Myasthenia gravis	1
5. Lymph & R.E. System	1
6. Radial pulse Tracing	1
7. Bleeding Disorders	1
8. Isotonic & Isometric contraction	1
9. Hypoxia, O2 therapy & cyanosis	1
10. Deglutition and vomiting	1
1. Haemoglobin	1
11. Emptying of stomach & peristalsis	1
12. Movements of small & large intestine, Defecation	1
13. Skin – structure & function	1
14. Asphyxia, Hypercapnia	1
15. O2 & CO2 dissociation curve periodic breathing	1
16. Acidification of urine, role of kidney in Ph regulation	1
17. Adrenal Medulla	1
18. Cutaneous Circulation	1
19. E.E.G.	1
20. Speech and Aphasia	1
-------------------	22

SEMINAR TOPICS OF PHYSIOLOGY

ROLL NO.	SEMINAR TOPIC
1	FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
2	PLATELETS AND ITS FUNCTION
3	ANAEMIA
4	POLYCYTHEMIA
5	ERYTHROPOIESIS
6	ANTICOAGULANTS
7	MECHANISM OF CLOTTING
8	IMMUNITY
9	LYMPH
10	SARCOMERE
11	MECHANISM OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION
12	PROPERTIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
13	NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
14	CLASSIFICATION OF NERVES
15	RESTING MEMBRANE & ACTION POTANTIAL
16	MECHANISM OF CONTRACTION IN SMOOTH MUSCLE
17	EXCITATION-CONTRATION COUPLING OF SMOOTH,SKE,AND CARDIAC MUSCLE
18	CARDIAC CYCLE
19	HEART SOUND
20	B.P-SHORT TERM REGULATION
21	B.P-LONG TERM REGULATION
22	CARDIAC OUTPUT
23	VENOUS RETURN
24	PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE
25	PCV
26	ESR
27	CORONARY CURCULATION

EXAMINATION PATTERN There are system ending examination after completion of every systems in the department.

These examinations are in the form of MCQ exams, Short Questions, Long Questions, Quiz.

First periodic test (theory) -------taken around Oct-November month

First Internal test (theory and Practical)-----taken around Dec -January

Second Periodic Test (theory)------taken around April

Second Internal Test ( Preliminary Exams Theory & Practical) ---taken around May

Final University Exams
Marks scheme For University Exams (as per Gujarat University)

1.	Theory
	Paper-I	50 marks	3 hours
	Paper-II	50 marks	3 hours
	Internal assessment	20 marks
		__________
		120 marks
2.	Practicals 80 marks

Topics division

Paper –I

General physiology, Biophysics, Blood, Excretory system including skin, Cardio-vascular system and Respiratory system, Environmental physiology and Exercise physiology.

Paper-II

Nerve-muscle physiology, Special senses, Central nervous system including autonomic nervous system, Digestive system, Endocrine system and Reproductive system.

University Exam:
1. It is required to pass theory and practical exam separately. i.e. failing in any head means to reapper for both theory and practical exam.

GMERS Medical College &Hospital , Himmatnagar

Physiology

Physiology